The problems associated with water are acquisition, purification, and transportation OR get, good, and go. FACTS 1 gallon of water weighs 8 1/3 pounds and is 231 cu. in. about 6 1/8" cube 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram and is 1 cubic decimeter ACQUISITION DEW STREAM OR POOL GROUND WATER (DIGGING) PURIFICATION All water is good to drink, it is the extras that can kill you -BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS PHYSICAL REMOVAL ULTRAFILTER CONDENSATION KILLING ORGANISMS BOILING CHEMICAL -ORGANIC HAZARDS FILTER CARBON DISTILLATION *IF* 212 degrees isn't the boiling point of the hazard -INORGANIC HAZARDS -WILD WEST ADAGE, IF SLIME CAN DRINK IT SO CAN YOU pH AND FILTERING ACTIVATED CARBON ELECTROLYTES PRETREATMENT All water purification will work better and allow your equipmnet to last longer if you get rid of as much mechanical solids as possible. Cheap paper filters shirt, socks, pants, screen, Kearney bucket Absorbtion = incorporate adsorbtion = block/stick Once you have your water, you need to purify it to make sure that it is not contaminated with material that will cause sickness or death. The most common contaminants are BIOLOGICAL - SOME THING THAT IS ALIVE AND HARMFUL E. Colii - Infectious isease specialist said, If shit were red, we'ld be living in a rose colored world. ORGANIC TOXIN - SOMETHING THAT CAME FROM A LIVING CREATURE AND IS HARMFUL Venom, vitamin A, cyanide, micotoxins, etc. INORGANIC TOXIC - SOME ELEMENT OR COMPOUND THAT IS TOXIC Berylium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, methal mercury, lead, etc. The most common methods of water purification are boiling, adding disinfectants, and various types of filtering. Most biological hazards consist of naturally occuring bacteria and other organisms. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS * METHODS KILL ORGANISM - toxin that can kill all forms of life. MECHANICALLY REMOVE ORGANISM K BOILING. Boiling water for one minute will kill all bacteria. However, since additional various organisms that are harmful and commonly found in water are not bacteria, 15 to 20 minutes of boiling is needed to kill these other organisms to give you sterile water. M DISTILATION. Distilation is the most reliable method for obtaining pure water as the resulting water is sterile, soft, nuetral in pH and removes all other contaminates as well. If the distiller does not have some sort of system that preheats the water to remove various gases, the various gases can be collected in the distillate if all boiled off contaminants are not purged by running steam through the condensor at the begining of the batch. K DISINFECTANTS. The most common disinfectant is chlorine. Chlorine is a poisonous gas and hazardous to handle. Two safer forms of chlorine are common household bleach which is a 5.25% solution of sodium hypoclorite, and dry pool chorine ("burn out" or "shock treatment) which is 65% calcium hypoclorite. Dry pool chlorine can be used to make a solution that is the same concerntration as household bleach, 24.5 grams (about 10 Tablespoons) of powder in 1 gallon of water. This mixing MUST be done in a very well ventilated area and stored in an air tight enclosure since it gives off enough chlorine gas to cause problems. Please note that many bleaches state, "not for human consumption." If the listed ingrediants contains anything other than sodium hypochlorite, avoid it. If it contains ONLY sodium hypochlorite, it is okay. For water purification use hypochorite solution in the following mixes Volume clear water 1:5,000 cloudy water 1:2,500 1 Quart 2 drops 4 drops 1 Gallon 8 drops 16 drops 5 gallons 1/2 tsp. 1 tsp. Allow at least 30 minutes for the chlorine to kill all microorganisms. Tuberculosis organisms are the only organism that is resistant to chlorine. Use a 1 to 10 solution for cleaning instruments and surfaces. Do NOT use hypochlorite solutions for irrigating wounds (as was done in WW1) as the hypochlorite dissolves blood clots. Iodine is extremely toxic. One source of iodine are the solid crystals. How to use iodine to sterilize water. Put 4-8 grams of iodine crystals in a 1 oz. glass jar (must have glass or bakelite stopper otherwise the iodine will react with the plastic or metal stopper and destroy it.) Actually 0.1 gram is adequate for the job, but using a larger amount of iodine creates a saturated solution much quicker. Put in 1 oz. (1 tablespoon or 3 teaspoons) of water (at least room temperature, body temperature prefered). Close stopper and shake for several minutes. You now have a saturated solution. A saturated solution is when as much solid has disolved in a liquid as it can. Carefully pour off 10ml (10cc, 2 teaspoons) of the saturated solution. REMEMBER, the iodine crystals are VERY TOXIC! The reason that adding more water than needed is suggested is so that you need not tip the bottle over too far thus spilling some crytals. Add the 10ml (2 teaspoons) of saturated solution to 1 liter (1.06 quart) of water. Let stand at least 15 minutes at 77 degrees F. or higher. Make sure all of the interior surface including lid get treated. Another form of iodine is the familiar tincture of iodine which is 2% iodine and 2% sodium iodide in alcohol. Use 3-5 drops of tincture per quart of clear water and 10 drops of tincure in cloudy water. Please remember, very old tincure or tincure that has been left unstoppered may have lost some of its alcohol due to evaporation and whould have an excessive concentration of iodine. *NOTE: Iodine is not very soluable in water, but VERY soulable in alcohol* Betadines are not suitable for water purification. Betadine scrub should be only used for cleaning intact skin as it is very toxic to tissues. Betadine solution when diluted 1:100 (3 drops per ounce of water) is suitable for cleaning wounds. M FILTERING. Only extremely sophisticated filters are precise enough to remove micro organisms. One device that is able to do this is the Katadyn family of water filters from Switzerland. It consists of a core of ceramic material whose holes are so small that no living organism can pass through. There are available synthetic woven filters for use in industry that are able filter out micro-organisms. Example, Coors beer is pastuerized by the micro filtration process. Another type of filter is the 800 PSI reverse osmosis style filter, the Survivor-06 from Phoenix Systems $525 will remove salt for 2 pints per hour. ORGANIC TOXINS Many of these will be broken down by heat during the boiling of water or boiled away if they evaporate below 212 degrees. NOTE on distillation. If you have a sophiticated still and put in the water, seal the still, and start the still - any toxin that boils below 212 degrees is going to pass right through on the first minute of distillation INORGANIC HAZARDS Toxic substances like arsenic, various heavy metals, aluminum, salt etc. are a less common hazard. They can be found however in water near mining sites and in areas that have alkaline lakes. A lack of normal plant growth around a water source or unusually colored algae are frequently signs of abnormal pH or unusual contamination. Many of these toxins are only water soluable if the water has an unusual pH factor. That is these factors can only be in solution in the water if the water is fairly acidic (low pH) or fairly alkaline (high pH). Totally neutral pH is 7 and most water sources will be between 5 and 8 in pH. If you have the papers to measure pH and add lyes or acids to the water to bring the pH within a normal range, the metal may go out of solution and become a solid, but in particles that are so small that they stay suspended in the water. Letting the water set overnight will allow the particles to drop to the bottem, but since they are so small pouring the water from the container might be enough to put them back in suspension again. A better method would be to filter the neutralized water. A microfiltration filter could be used for this, but even common laboratory filter papers would remove most of the precipitated solids, even though common filter paper is not fine enough to filter out biological hazards. Many inorganics are highly reactive and are adsorbed by dirt or activated carbon filters. Some inorganic hazards like asbestos fibers are mechanically hazardous, any filtration method will remove this items. If no filters are available, just letting the water stand still for several hours or overnight with help reduce contamination. Siphoning water off of the top of standing water is the best way to remove the water as pouring the container will kick up the sediment again. A NOTE ON LABORATORY FILTER PAPERS These filters should be used to prefilter any water that you are going to treat. They aren't suitable for an entire process, but their removal of larger contaminants improves preformance of disinfectants and extends the working life of microfiltration units. Filter papers come in various speeds. The faster the speed of the paper, the less that is filtered out. Filter papers are very inexpensive, lightwieght and compact. For maximum effect you can prefilter water through a fast filter and then put that water through a slow filter. ORGANIC HAZARDS These substances can be removed via activated carbon filters. An item to note about activated carbon filters: water or moisture in the carbon filters is a breeding ground for biological organisms. Many filters are doped with silver compounds to prevent or retard organism growth. Note never pour hot water through activated carbon. Also, powdered activated carbon is more likely to release it toxin content. Hartz Mountain 191 grams ~6 oz $2 dusty in cardboard box VRP 300 grams ~10 oz $10 (three month supply) very low dust, in sealed plastic bottle SOIL FILTERS The book NUCLEAR WAR SURVIVAL SKILLS, in addition to having good information on water storage and transporation, has an excellent design for a water filter based on a bucket, gravel, towels and clayey soil (4" down). page 71-74 This device will buffer the pH (assuming normal soil) and adsorb 99% of radioactivity. It produces 6 quarts of water/hour initially and 2 quarts an hour after several hours of use. I you get 1 quart/ 10 minutes you need to repack the soil. Buy shaving off 1/2" of the 6-7" soil stack every time the filter clogs, you can get 50 quarts out before a complete soil change is needed. ELECTROLYTES Nutshell single dose storage ratios for 300 quarts Lite salt 1 teaspoon 5 - 11 oz. tubes of Morton Lite Salt Baking soda 1/3 teaspoon one pound box sugar 10 teeaspoons 25 pound sack water 1 quart Subj: ELECTROLYTE AND FLUID REPLACEMENT For those that do not subscribe to the FIGHTING CHANCE newsletter P.O.Box 1279, Cave Junction,Oregon 97523 $60/12 issues/year or haven't purchased the Medical Preparation video tape by Dr. Jane Orient (president of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness) $29.50 from same address, here is a good little life saver that you might be interested in. One teaspoon of "Lite Salt"(by Morton, 1/2 iodized potassium chloride, 1/2 sodium chloride in a blue cylinder), 1/3 teaspoon of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), 10 teaspoons of table sugar (sucrose), and one quart of water. That happens to be a life saving fluid replacement and partial electrolyte expiedent replacement. At least it is expiedent if you have had the foresight to purchase the above three items BEFORE an emergency happens while it is readily available and very cheap. Many people die in times of emergency because of fluid losses. This can be from burns, vomiting, or diarrhea. The body needs water and certian water souluable chemicals to function. If either or both of these drop below a certian level, you die. There are many non-fatal diseases like cholera that become fatal due to lack of simple things like proper fluid replacement. If you have ever had a bad case of diarrhea and start to have pain in your muscles or joints, congratulations, you have had the early warning symptoms of a potassium deficiency. Bananas are very high in potasium. For ease of purchasing the items for Dr. Orient's formula, Morton Lite Salt comes in a 11 oz. light blue cylinder. Baking soda a 1 or 4 pound box. Sugar 5, 10, or 25 pound sack. To make approximately 300 quarts of the solution you need 5 - 11 oz. units of Morton's Lite salt, 1 - 1 pound box of baking soda, and 25 pounds of sugar. FIGHTING CHANCE is a great publication for those that are installing blast/fallout shelters. It also is the place that tells you where to buy ventilators for $20 that other places charge $245.00 and in this month they tell you where to purchase 12-120 volt AC/DC PM motor generators for $12 that other survival stores sell for $100-275. TOXIN STORAGE IN THE BODY Most in fat cells, rapid fat burning without adequate water can cause kidney damage HOW MUCH WATER IS ENOUGH? enough to keep your urine a normal color and smell One exercise fitness center recommends 1/2 oz water per 1 pound body weight (sedentary) (me ~= 3 quarts) 3/4 oz water per 1 pound body weight (athletic) (me ~= 4 quarts) In the dessert under heavyy labor you might go through 2-5 gallons Sweating = losing water + losing electrolytes No activity in a cool cave 1 quart a day might be all you need short term with no bathing or food preparation needs. TRANSPORTATION Page 67 of NWSS plastic trash sack inside pillowcase or burlap sack. Canteens, plastic, steel, aluminum (al + halide based tablets can produce toxins) Water bags of aluminized mylar and boxes Polycarbonate jugs Folding bags with handles